Airline Safety essays

Airline Safety essays If you only had to pay for one fourth of your harmful actions or serve one fourth of your jail term, would you be happy? On average major airlines only have to pay a quarter for every dollar of fines that they are issued by the FAA, the Federal Aviation Administration (Staller, Most Fines Get Watered Down, usatoday.com). This can be true in cases that involve forgetting to complete paperwork to not screening luggage for explosives. Some people believe that air travel is one of the safest forms of transportation, while others question its safety. This report will examine the factors, points of views, and statistics of airline incidents that involve safety. When flying, the passengers of a commercial airline have many more things to worry about then getting to their destination on time. They have to be concerned about their personal safety. Many politicians and airplane passengers should and are worried about airline safety. Some of these worries include what condition the plane is in, who is flying the plane, and the new threat of what some experts call, falling baggage. Most federal regulators give airlines flexibility, but a typical maintenance schedule is usually followed by all of the airlines according to Boeing Corporation, a manufacturer of commercial planes (Maintenance Issues Related To Safety, boeing.com). Flight crews and on-board computers can usually monitor most of the planes interior components and its engines, but routine inspections are usually performed to inspect the planes surface area and other places that arent monitored by computers. Several times a day the airline personnel perform walk around checks in which they look for leakage of fluids and problems with surface area of the plane. These problems include dents and cracks. Every three to five days the planes lighting, landing gear, fluid levels, and exterior controls, and the flaps...

Who pays for out of town interviews

Who pays for out of town interviews Job hunting today is different from what it used to be- these days, it’s not uncommon to cast a much wider net while searching for the perfect position, exploring available openings beyond your local town or nearby city. While you’re searching for a job, you may encounter a situation where you’ll have to make travel plans while scheduling an interview. This brings up a wide array of etiquette issues, not the least of which is the question, â€Å"Who pays for the interview?† Like most things in life, the answer is not completely black and white. The bottom line is: it depends. Let’s dig deeper.When you’re arranging an interview, the HR personnel or hiring manager will know where you’re located based on the information provided in your resume. In fact, don’t be surprised if your first point of contact occurs over an application like Skype or WebEx. If this is the case, and things are going well, the subject of arranging an out-of- town interview might come up during the conversation.If it does come up, pay careful attention to what is being said. You should get a fairly clear indication of whether or not the employer is willing to take care of the expenses while arranging an interview. The reality is, most- but not all- prospective employers are willing to pick up the costs of an out-of-town interview and will freely discuss it, saving you the potentially embarrassing task of having to bring it up.When it’s clearIf they’re willing to reimburse you for the expenses, an essential etiquette rule to stick to is not to â€Å"go for broke†- first-class travel and hotel accommodations and expensive meals fit for royalty will not reflect well on you when a prospective employer is making a hiring decision. Some will even go so far as to arrange all of the details for you. This could be a good indication that the company is the type of employer who takes care of its employees (or maybe they’ re just trying to woo you).Other times, the employer will make the opposite clear- that you’re on the hook for expenses if you’re interested in traveling for an interview. If this is the case, don’t let them see you sweat! (In fact, they may be looking to gauge your reaction and flexibility in this situation.) However, do take time to weigh the pros and cons of the situation.Since an interview isn’t a guarantee of a job offer, you need to ask yourself the following questions: Is this prospective expense a worthwhile investment in your career future? Will this be a one-time only expense, or will traveling on your dime be an ongoing reality if you get the job? Will you have to relocate if you get the job (and who would pay for that?), or will you be able to telecommute? Your answers to these questions will help you determine whether or not the expense of an out-of-town interview makes sense for you.When it’s not clearSometimes, things aren’t s o clear. You may have a perfectly positive experience during your initial contact with a prospective employer and both sides agree to take the next step and arrange a face-to-face interview. However, as the conversation progresses, the topic of who’s paying doesn’t seem to be coming up. If you find yourself in this situation, you have two options.Option one: You can ask, politely, if you’re responsible for the expenses involved. This is a perfectly acceptable question, and if handled properly will not affect your standing in the hiring decision. If they’re willing to foot the bill (perhaps they simply forgot to mention it, they are only human after all), make sure you follow the etiquette advice mentioned previously. However, if you’re responsible for the costs, make sure you handle the news with grace if you really want this job. You should consider whether or not you’d be willing to pay for an out-of-town interview before you even send you r resume and cover letter over, so you won’t have to sweat through an anxious decision-making process in the heat of the moment.Option two: You can choose not to bring it up and assume that you’re responsible for the costs. This option spares you the potential awkwardness of having to bring this topic up (especially when things are going so well!), but you may be throwing an expense in your lap that the employer would have gladly picked up if they would have just remembered to mention it!The bottom lineThe rise in out-of-town interviews is a reflection of the evolving workplace, with technology making it easier for people to work remotely (according to a recent study by Global Workplace Analytics, at least 20–25% of the workforce telecommutes at least part of the work week), and companies eager to source the very best available talent- regardless of geographical location. If you’re pursuing a job that may entail an out-of-town interview, use the strategie s presented here to handle any possible scenario when it comes to who’s paying for it.

Strategic Analysis for Tui Travel PLC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Strategic Analysis for Tui Travel PLC - Essay Example Additionally, while other companies in similar marketplaces are experiencing drops in share value, based on the current economic crisis across the globe, TUI Travel, Plc. has witnessed a 42 percent increase in share value (TUI Travel, 2009). What this suggests is an organisation which is satisfying stakeholder expectations and is reaping the profit of having a very solid business model and diverse line of company brand names. Perhaps this high share value can be attributed to having a business model which recognises opportunities for improvement and looks continuously for methods to make the business even stronger. For example, in 2009, TUI Travel entered a strategic alliance with Air Berlin and will now own almost 20 percent of Air Berlin (Done and Wiesmann, 2009). This new strategic alliance will give TUI Travel a multitude of new opportunities for customer air travel and give the firm more destinations to provide to their many customers. Even though TUI is not invested into this alliance for a long-term, ownership agreement, TUI is actively looking for opportunities to expand its brand presence and keep the TUI name both flexible and financially-strong in the minds of its customers and investors. TUI also seems to have a very high cash availability, which is something that many companies in today’s economic climate cannot say. Cash increased by a considerable margin from 2007 to 2008, suggesting that TUI has the financial capabilities to consider many different alliances or acquisitions in the pursuit of giving the company a stronger brand image and more options for holiday for its many travel customers. There are many strengths under TUI’s current business model, one of which is the external environment which is prompting many positive changes to how the business performs internally. Arends and Niththyananthan (2009) suggest that TUI is now facing much lower fuel prices, lower

Contribution of Claudio Monteverdi to music Research Paper

Contribution of Claudio Monteverdi to music - Research Paper Example As a teen, writing music in different new styles was his passion. As there was no credible record linking him to the cathedral choir, the music lessons could be deemed as privately acquired. The first music that he produced was some few motets and the sacred madrigals between 1582 and 1583; it had to do with child prodigy. In the year 1587, he published his first book that dealt with secular madrigals, and shortly began to look for work away from his native town. He then worked for Vincenzo I in Mantua, in the capacity of a maestro di Capella from 1591, until his dismissal in 1612. Later on, he took a more coveted post on the land of Peninsula as maestro di Capella at St. Mark's in Venice, until his death in November 29, 1643 (Monteverdi, 2011). According to Wistreich (2011), Claudio contributed a lot to the field of music. As an Italian composer in the late Renaissance era, he was the most significant producer of the then new genre, the opera. He was also instrumental in the church music by introducing a â€Å"modern† secular spirit. He is among the key figures that shaped the music history as his works majorly marked the new era of music. His substantial contribution included the introduction and also the defense of seconda practica. This was the new composing style that made the text superior over that the music motivation contrary to the Renaissance prima practica. In the prior era, the music dominated the words. This was instrumental in bringing about a new dramatic style to be employed in Baroque era. His key achievement was in his appealing expression to the human psychology. The early madrigals that he produced can also be viewed as studies of emotions that are more diverse and superior. Taking a closer look at Monteverdi's significant contribution to music in the music industry, a close study of all his nine books of Madrigals can be done. L’Orfeo became the first to display the potential of the then novel genre while his second work, Lâ €™Arianna may be viewed as that which sustained his survival (Wistreich, 2011). Monteverdi’s work is a significant mark in the transition from the Renaissance to Baroque music. Monteverdi acts as a bridge of the Renaissance and the Baroque. He combined both the secular and sacred styles to give one work. He also expanded the Renaissance polyphony and further advanced it towards the counterpoint used in the Baroque era. During his entire life, he produced work that could be classified in both the categories, and he was among the key figures that brought the most critical revolution in the style. Monteverdi also produced one of the first grammatical opera, Orfeo, in the year 1607, and was lucky to be famous throughout his entire lifetime. This opera assisted Monteverdi to create a totally new music style, the dramma per musica (Beaussant, 2003). According to Wistreich (2011), Monteverdi also produced singing forms that are quite critical part of the opera today; these inclu de the chorus, the recitative, the arioso, and the aria. Monteverdi is also the first composer to allocate unique instruments to parts. He became a priest and his dedication to religious music did not stop as he still wrote operas, including his best known, historical L'incoronazione di Poppea. His successors further developed real character roles which significantly paved the way for new styles. It can be argued that his greatest creation remains that of the Vespers of the Blessed Virgin, in 1610. This work is one of his few sacred works done on any scale, but up to this day remains one of the outstanding examples of devotional music that can be compared to other works such as those of Handel's

Classical and Humanist Management Theories Essay Example for Free

Classical and Humanist Management Theories Essay â€Å"Classical and humanist management theories have had a major influenced on modern theories of leadership. Making effective use of appropriate models and theories critically examine whether this is actually the case. † Civilization is the product of those who came before us. The evolution of today’s modern management thinking has grown and developed since nineteenth century and flourished during twentieth. The twentieth century is just part of revolution management theory which started from classical theory, ranging to human relation approaches and last flourishing now. Management theory is out coming result of the interdisciplinary efforts of many people. Today the new modern theories of leadership, come up based on classical and humanist management theories, still develop and grow as an organisation. Leadership is setting a new path or vision for a cluster that they follow; a leader is the spearhead for that new direction. Management controls or directs people/resources in a group according to principles or values that have already been established. The main difference between them comes from what happen if there is one without another. If leadership comes without management then sets a track or visualization that others follow, without considering too much how the new direction is going to be achieved. Other people then have to work hard in the trail that is left behind, picking up the pieces and making it work. Management without leadership; controls resources to uphold the current situation or confirm things happen according to already-established plans. In Organizing Genius (Addison-Wesley, 1997) Bennis and Patricia Ward Biederman point out those leaders of great teams pick talent on the basis of excellence and ability to work with others. Good leaders are not afraid to hire people who know more than they do. Jack Welch has said that his biggest accomplishment has been finding great people. A leader should project responsibilities that involve a person’s competence and values. A good leader also reinforces motivation and develops ability through coaching. Leaders know how to keep their people focused. Good leaders can build incredible relationship and can build trust. The interest of leadership come in the early 20, when was considered that great leaders are born not made. The ideas and theories started developed after then. On the other hand those irreplaceable qualities of good leaders are based on beginning of management. The first management ideas, actually, were record in 3000-4000 B. C, when the pyramids were about to be build. Then the beginning of the modern organisation occurred with the theory called The Founders during the middle of the nineteenth century with the rise of the factory system. After came Pre-Classicism with Robert Owen (1771-1858) and Charles Babbage (1792-1871). And then the twentieth century becomes witness on the most memorable theories called Classical School. The Classical School of Management was period of management theory ferment and activity. It was based on improvement of management effectiveness in organisations. It wasn’t only about effectiveness in worker please but they also seek to provide needed tool for more effective work and satisfied workers. Within the classical school there are the bureaucratic management, administrative management and scientific management branches. The era of the ideas of Modern theories started with Scientific Management. Frederick Taylor put the beginning of the contemporary and still improving management. He advocated a change from the old system of personal management to a new system of scientific management. His theory argues that, each person’s job should be broken down into elements and a scientific way to perform each element should be determinate. Workers need to be careful selected and properly trained for particular job. The good corporation between management and workers is compulsory. His theory was accepted with many positive fatbacks and negativism as well. But to modern readers, he stands convicted by his own words (1975): â€Å"†¦ in almost all of the mechanic arts, the science which underlies each act of each workman is so great and amounts to so much that the workman who is best suited to actually doing the work is incapable of fully understanding this science, without the guidance and help of those who are working with him or over him, either through lack of education or through insufficient mental capacity. Scientific management come across with significant success. Taylor bring a success and to economic standpoints. Productivity met improvement because of his methods. After Scientific management come Human Relations Movement with Elton Mayos experiences in the Hawthorne Works Experiments. Mayo’s theory met success; his impacts were the creation of the industrial engineering. Max Weber – Bureaucracy come after Mayo’s scientific management. Max Weber believed that civilization was changing to pursue technically best outcomes at the outflow of emotional or humanistic content. Weber did not advocate bureaucracy; indeed, his writings show a strong caution for its excesses: †¦the more fully realized, the more bureaucracy depersonalizes itself, i. e. , the more completely it succeeds in achieving the exclusion of love, hatred, and every purely personal, especially irrational and incalculable, feeling from the execution of official tasks While Weber was basically a spectator rather than a stylish, it is pure that his forecasts have come true. His principles of an ideal bureaucracy still circle true today and many of the evils of todays bureaucracies come from their different from those ideal principles. Unfortunately, Weber was also successful in predicting that bureaucracies would have extreme difficulties dealing with individual cases. It would have been captivating to realize how Weber would have combined Mayos results into his theories. It is probable that he would have seen the group dynamics as noise in the system, warning the bureaucracys potential for both efficiency and inhumanity. In 1970s and 1980s, Charismatic Leadership states Effective leaders inspire assistants to obligate themselves to goals by interactive a visualisation, exhibiting magnetic behaviour, and setting an influential individual case, described by Weber as long with bureaucracy. He put the development of leadership based on well-known management. Henri Fayol – Administration. Fayol’s administration theories dovetail into the bureaucratic superstructure described by Weber. He believed that management has five principle roles; to control, to organise, to forecast and plan, to command and to coordinate. Fayol developed fourteen principles of administration to go along with management’s five main roles. Fayol’s five principle roles of management are still actively practiced today. Development of management and leadership had continued with Frederick Herzberg (1923-) , Abraham Maslow (1908 – 1970) and on. Mary Parker Follett supported for a human relations importance equal to a mechanical or operational emphasis in management. Her work contrasted with the scientific management of Frederick W. Taylor (1856-1915) and evolved by Frank and Lillian Gilbert, which stressed time and motion studies. Apart of all that, in mid-1970th the Hersey–Blanchard situational leadership theory was introduced as situational leadership theory. It is a leadership theory conceived by Paul Hersey (professor) and Ken Blanchard (author). The theory argues active leadership is task-relevant and there is no solo best flair of leadership. The theory contained the following qualities as the main qualities of a good leader; telling, selling, participating and delegating. According to Hersey and Blanchard (1980); â€Å"Effective leaders need to be flexible, and must adapt themselves according to the situation†. They had separated their theory into two fundamental concepts; Leadership Style and the individual or groups Maturity level. First described above and second describes below. The individual or groups Maturity level: M1 – They absence the exact services vital for the work in pointer and are powerless and reluctant to do or to take duty for this job or task. M2 – They are still incapable to take on responsibility for the task being done; they are keen to work at the task. M3 – They are knowledgeable and talented to do the chore but nonexistence the poise to take on charge. M4 – They are experienced at the task, and relaxed with their own skill to do it well. They need to be clever and willing to not only do the task, but to take responsibility for them. In conclusion, management include and put the base on organisations, it is that organisation which makes functions, such as planning, budgeting, evaluating and facilitating. On the other hand leadership is a relationship, an essential part of an organisation. They are response for selecting talents, motivating, coaching and building trust. From Classical human approaches to the modern leader theory there were a big different, the theories will last to change and improve, but on based on the main management theories. It is clear that modern organizations are powerfully influenced by the theories of Taylor, Mayo, Weber and Fayol. Their principles have become such a solid part of modern management that it is hard to believe that these perceptions were unique and new at some opinion in history. The current idea that these impressions are common sense is strong compliment to these creators.

Comparing my Outputs to the Specification :: Computer Science

Comparing my Outputs to the Specification ========================================= The logo My solution to the task allows the users of the system to print off a ready designed promotion package and customise each part of it to include their name and the address of their particular branch of Daisy Chain. The users can alter the logo slightly and can also create a completely new logo from the user guide. They can edit details quickly, for example if a shop moves or a designer is employed, then these details can be added to the business card or letterheaded paper. The system can only use fonts and borders that exist on the software- they can't create original ones. I have managed to produce a suitable logo that meets all the points on the specification. It has been significantly changed since I drew the initial design and I now feel that it is now much better than the original version. Everyone I have asked about it has confirmed this. There are however some points that you can't really say whether the logo has met- you can't tell whether the logo will date or not. If it does then following the user guides could produce a new one. To produce most of the items in the promotional package I used Adobe, which isn't strictly a graphics program, but it has sufficient features to meet all the needs of this project. The Business Card ================= I have produced a business card that meets all the requirements set out in my design specification. It  · Looks professional  · Contains the logo  · Contains the name, address, postcode and website of the company  · Has space for the employees name  · Is striking and very bright, without being garish  · Contains a short statement about what the company does. The card is only one sided and this was something that was said could be improved. This isn't necessary, but could be done quite easily, if the company decided to invest more time and money into it. I have created a user guide that has been successfully tested, so other cards of different styles could be created. There isn't really a need for this however as I feel that the design I have created is successful and doesn't need altering. The card I created is much more interesting than any of the other cards I have looked at, and it meets all the requirements in my design specification. Realistically it may be too expensive to produce but this would depend on how wealthy the company was, and whether it wished to spend a lot of money publicising its image. The Letterhead The letterhead meets all the requirements set by the design Comparing my Outputs to the Specification :: Computer Science Comparing my Outputs to the Specification ========================================= The logo My solution to the task allows the users of the system to print off a ready designed promotion package and customise each part of it to include their name and the address of their particular branch of Daisy Chain. The users can alter the logo slightly and can also create a completely new logo from the user guide. They can edit details quickly, for example if a shop moves or a designer is employed, then these details can be added to the business card or letterheaded paper. The system can only use fonts and borders that exist on the software- they can't create original ones. I have managed to produce a suitable logo that meets all the points on the specification. It has been significantly changed since I drew the initial design and I now feel that it is now much better than the original version. Everyone I have asked about it has confirmed this. There are however some points that you can't really say whether the logo has met- you can't tell whether the logo will date or not. If it does then following the user guides could produce a new one. To produce most of the items in the promotional package I used Adobe, which isn't strictly a graphics program, but it has sufficient features to meet all the needs of this project. The Business Card ================= I have produced a business card that meets all the requirements set out in my design specification. It  · Looks professional  · Contains the logo  · Contains the name, address, postcode and website of the company  · Has space for the employees name  · Is striking and very bright, without being garish  · Contains a short statement about what the company does. The card is only one sided and this was something that was said could be improved. This isn't necessary, but could be done quite easily, if the company decided to invest more time and money into it. I have created a user guide that has been successfully tested, so other cards of different styles could be created. There isn't really a need for this however as I feel that the design I have created is successful and doesn't need altering. The card I created is much more interesting than any of the other cards I have looked at, and it meets all the requirements in my design specification. Realistically it may be too expensive to produce but this would depend on how wealthy the company was, and whether it wished to spend a lot of money publicising its image. The Letterhead The letterhead meets all the requirements set by the design

Criminal Theories Essay

An in-depth knowledge of theories is not required at this level, rather demonstration of knowledge of two of the biological, sociological and psychological explanations for criminal behaviour and how factors such as  negative family influences, lack of education, poverty and unemployment may impact on the behaviour of the offender and how society’s views of criminal behaviour have changed over time. â€Å"I confirm that the work that I am submitting is entirely my own, and I have not copied from any other student or source, unless referenced†. P3 – Describe two theories of criminal behaviour and the factors that contribute to them When looking at crime, it is essential that we explore the definitions of crime and the theories that explain why crime happens and how this affects both individuals and communities. The study of crime is commonly known as â€Å"Criminology†. Criminology originated from many other disciplines such as sociology, psychology, biology, geography, law and anthropology. It is generally accepted that there are three main categories that are used to explain why crime happens. To dive deeper into the theories surrounding criminal behaviour we can  analyse the three main and biggest theories behind a Criminal and their Behaviour: A) psychological models; B) sociological models; and C) biological models. All infer different methods of control and actions. It’s actually difficult to separate the three categories completely as it is generally accepted that all three theories contribute large factors that play a role in the expression of behaviour. Moreover, psychological science consists of several disciplines including biological psychology and social psychology, so psychological principles could be applied across all three domains. However, there are some general principles associated with each of the above three paradigms that would be associated with some specific crime control policies. This results in admittedly narrow definition for each of the categories but it does simplify the discussion herein. Psychological Approaches There a many different psychological models of criminal behaviour ranging from early Freudian notions to later cognitive and social psychological models. I cannot review them all. Instead, there are several fundamental assumptions of psychological theories of criminality (and human behaviour in general) that follow. These are: 1. The individual is the primary unit of analysis in psychological theories. 2. Personality is the major motivational and influencial element that drives behaviour and their actions within individuals. 3. Normality is generally defined by social consensus. 4. Crimes then would result from abnormal, dysfunctional, or inappropriate mental processes within the personality of the individual. 5. Criminal behaviour may be purposeful for the individual insofar as it addresses certain felt needs. 6. Defective, or abnormal, mental processes may have a variety of causes, i.e., a diseased mind, inappropriate learning or improper conditioning, the emulation of inappropriate role models, and adjustment to inner conflicts. Given these six principles to establish psychological explanations of criminal behaviour we can suggest first that traditional imprisonment, fines, and other court sanctions are based on operant learning models of behaviour for crime control. Operant learning models are based on  the utilitarian concepts that all people wish to maximize pleasure and minimize pain or discomfort. Skinnerian based social psychological theories of reinforcement and punishment are influential in this model of criminal control although the idea of punishment for crime has a much longer history (Jeffery, 1990). Technically speaking, punishments are any sanctions designed to decrease a specific behaviour; thus, fines, jail sentences, etc. are all forms of punishment. However, Skinner himself recognized that punishment was generally ineffective in behaviour modification and that reinforcement worked better (e.g., Skinner, 1966). Actually, a caveat should be applied here. Punishment is effective if applied properly, but unfortunately it rarely is applied properly. Punishment needs to be immediate (or as close to the time the offence occurred as possible), inescapable, and sufficiently unpleasant (in fact the more it is subjectively perceived as harsh the better). Given the judicial system in the U.S. it would be hard to apply punishment to its maximal effectiveness, thus it is not an effective deterrent as seen in the stable homicide rates of states that carry the death penalty. Nonetheless, punishments and sanctions for criminal behaviour are based on behavioural psychological principles. Because harsh forms of punishment do not appear to significantly decrease recidivism rates, other psychological principles have been applied. In terms of cognitive behavioral psychological principles, rehabilitation and relearning, retraining, or educational programs for offenders are forms of psychologically based methods to control crime. These methods are based on the cognitive behavioural methods of teaching an alternative functional response in place of a formally dysfunctional one as opposed to simple punishment. These programs can take place in prisons or outside of the prison and have long been demonstrated to be successful (e.g., Mathias, 1995). So any form of retraining, re-education, or re-entry program is based on psychological principles of criminality and reform. Rehabilitation programs are often rarely implemented in jail or prison however. Many of these programs appear to be especially beneficial for drug and alcohol offenders. Likewise, any form education such as the DARE program and recent efforts to curb bullying in schools are based on these methods. In line with this, changing the environment of the offender such as providing more opportunities would be a psychological behavioural principle designed to cut  crime. In line with other psychological methods are policies aimed at maintaining a visible presence of law enforcement and methods to maintain self-awareness of people in tempting situations. Such methods are preventative. For instance, it has been a well-known social psychological principle that situations that diminish self-consciousness and self-awareness lead individuals to being less restrained, less self-regulated, and more likely to act without considering the consequences of their actions (e.g., Diener, 1979). The simple act of placing mirrors in stores can increase self-awareness and decrease shop-lifting. Likewise, the presence of visible law-enforcement can cut down on substantially crime. Making sanctions and the consequences for crime well-publicized and available to the public is another psychological method to control crime in this vein. Various forms of criminal profiling are based heavily on psychological principles and represent an effort to either apprehend existing criminals or to identify persons at risk for certain behaviour (Holmes & Holmes, 2008). More recently there have been efforts to develop methods to identify individuals at risk for certain forms of deviant behaviour including criminal activities based on personality and social variables. Sociological Approaches Sociological principles and psychological principles of criminality are intertwined and technically not independent. As with psychological theories there are numerous sociological formulations of the cause and control of criminality. For purposes of this paper we will define sociological notions of criminality as: 1. Attempting to connect the issues of the individual’s criminality with the broader social structures and cultural values of public, social, familial, or peer group. 2. How the contradictions of all of these interacting groups contribute to criminality. 3. The ways these structures ,cultures and contradictions have historically developed and evolved. 4. The current processes of change that these groups are undergoing. 5. Criminality is viewed from the point of view of the social make up and construction of criminality and its social causes. Traditional sociological theories proposed that crimes was a result of anomie, a term meaning â€Å"normlessness† or a feeling of a lack of social norms, and feeling departed from a social peer group or departed a lack of being connected to  society. The term was made popular by Émile Durkheim (1897). Durkheim originally used the term to explain suicide, but later sociologists used the term to describe the dissociation of the individual from the collective conscience or the criminality resulting from a lack of opportunity to achieve aspirations or by the learning of criminal values and behaviours. Therefore criminality results by the failure to properly socialize individuals and by unequal opportunities between groups. Durkheim believed that crime was an inescapable fact of society and advocated maintaining crime within reasonable boundaries. A feature of sociological theories is that society â€Å"constructs† criminality. Thus, certain types of human activity are harmful and are judged so by society as a whole. But it is also true that there are other behaviors recognized by society as â€Å"criminal† that do not result in harm to others and are therefore criminalized without sufficient ground, these are the so-called â€Å"victimless† crimes. These include drug use, prostitution, etc. Therefore according to this view if carried to its extreme 100% of the members of a society are lawbreakers at some point. One of the sociological policy methods of crime control would be to advocate for decriminalization of these victimless crimes or at least a vast reduction in their penalties (Schur, 1965). Social programs aimed at socializing children properly and providing support for single family homes are also examples of sociological methods to control crime. There are a number of these programs including care er academies (small learning communities in low-income high schools, offering academic and career/technical courses as well as workplace opportunities). Finally, sociological policies to control crime would enable stronger and harsher penalties to be enforced when regarding serious crimes such as murder, rape, are more effective law enforcement. Again, sociologists accept the reality that crime is a social phenomenon that will not disappear no matter how many interventions are enacted to control it. Sociologists note that of every 100 crimes committed within the United States, only one is sent to prison. A vast number are unreported and of those that are reported only a small portion goes to trial as a result of the victim being too scared to come forward and fear for their social morbidity. If a justice system is to work properly it must be able to rely on its law enforcement system and judicial system to bring to justice and prosecute serious offenders. The purposes of  imprisonment include punishment, rehabilitation, deterrence, and selective confinement. All of these should be utilized where appropriate for the individual (Hest er & Eglin, 1992). Biological Approaches Biological theories of criminality basically purport that criminal behavior is the result of some flaw in the biological makeup of the individual. This physical flaw could be due to (Raine, 2002): (1) Heredity (2) Neurotransmitter dysfunction (3) Brain abnormalities that were caused by either of the above, improper development, or trauma. Biological theorists would also endorse a harder penalty and better law enforcement techniques for crime control, but there are several methods of crime control that are specific to the biological theories of criminality. I will discuss these briefly here. Psychosurgery: Brain surgery to control behaviour has rarely been applied to criminal behaviour. Certainly much more common between the 1930’s to the late 1970’s there were over 40,000 frontal lobotomies performed. Lobotomies were used to treat a wide range of problems from depression, to schizophrenia. However, while widely discussed as a potential treatment for criminal behaviour a perusal of the literature could not find a court ordered case for a lobotomy as a sentence for a convicted criminal Lobotomies were also used for people who were considered an annoyance because the demonstrated behaviours characterized as moody or they were children who were defiant with authority figures such as teachers. The lobotomy involves separating the prefrontal cortex from the rest of the brain either surgically or in the case of the transorbital lobotomy with a sharp ice-pick like instrument that was inserted in the eye socket between the upper eyelid and the eye. In this method the patient was not anesthetized, not even children. The psychiatrists hit the end of the instrument with a hammer to disconnect the nerves in the frontal lobe of the brain. Afterwards behaviours were changed, but at a high price as you can imagine. Today the lobotomy has fallen out of favour due medications used to co ntrol behaviour, although some view the use of medications as equivalent to a lobotomy (e.g., see Breggin, 2008). Psychosurgery appears to be an option that will most likely not be put into use due to the stigma associated with it. Chemical methods of control: The  use of pharmacological treatments to try to control crime has been ongoing in two major areas: chemical castration for sex offenders and pharmacological interventions for drug or alcohol addicts. However, addicts can stop the medication and return to use. Sex offenders are closely monitored and there is some evidence that this policy has been efficacious. Sometimes mentally ill people in the criminal justice system been ordered to take medications to treat their mental illness. Other pharmacological interventions to control crime seem plausible and are being investigated, but do not appear to have been widely used. Others: Deep brain stimulation is used for some disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, but has yet been investigated for criminal behaviour. Biological theorists have advocated changes in diet to deal with criminality (Burton, 2002) and better relations between parents. There is also the famous genetic XYY combination that was once thought to be a marker for a criminal type, but as it turned out these individuals were found to be less intelligent or more likely to have learning difficulties as opposed to being criminal types. While there are many studies indicating a connection between antisocial personality disorder or criminal behavioural and heredity, there are no policies being implemented to advocate for selective breeding, genetic testing etc. for criminals. I do not yet envision a policy of genetic testing for criminals as the variables are not stable enough in order to predict with set of gene combinations are predictive of a biological criminal type (Rutter, 2006) alt hough this is certainly a possibility. If the biological model of criminality has any significant effect on policy outside the use of chemical castration for sex offenders, it would be the policy that certain forms of criminal behaviour or certain individuals may not be rehabilitated and the advocacy for harsher and stricter imprisonments or even executions are viable methods of control in these instances. The issue for the community is how to recognize a significant biological contribution to criminal behaviour since genetic testing is unreliable and there are no other physical markers of criminality. It seems that currently in the absence of very harsh crimes like murder and rape one must be recognized as a repeat offender before we can acknowledge a possible innate tendency towards criminality. By that time the damage, which is often irreparable, is done. Perhaps the answer lies in stricter probation and parole practices for first-time offenders. However,  this policy is expensive and tax payers may not support it. The policy mandating convicted sex offenders to be monitored over their lifetime and certain restrictions placed on them is a result of the acknowledgment of a biological predisposition to engage in this crime and therefore traditional forms of treatment or remediation do not appear to be effective. Similar policies might follow with habitual criminal offenders based on the biological theories of criminality. Reference List American Psychiatric Association (APA, 2002). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th Ed.). Arlington, VA: Author. Breggin, P.A. (2008). Brain disabling treatments in psychiatry: Drugs, electroshock, and the psychopharmaceutical complex. (2nd Edition) New York: Springer University Press. Burton, R. (2002). The Irish institute of nutrition and health. In Diet and criminality. Retrieved June 17, 2011, from http://www.iinh.net/health_and_nutrition_articles/diet_and_criminality.htm. Diener, E. (1979). Deindividuation, self-awareness, and disinhibition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(7), 1160-1171. Durkheim, Emile (1897) [1951]. Suicide: A study in sociology. New York; The Free Press. Hester, S. & Eglin, P. (1992). A sociology of crime. London: Routledge. Holmes, R. M., & Holmes, S. T. (2008). Profiling violent crimes: An investigative tool (Fourth Edition). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc. Jeffery, R. C. (1990). Criminology: An interdisciplinary approach. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Mathias, R. (1995). Correctional treatment helps offenders stay drug and arrest free. NIDA notes, 10 (4). Merton, Robert K. (1968). Social Theory and Social Structure. New York: Free Press. Mischel, W. (1968). Personality and assessment. New York: Wiley. Raine, A. (2002). The biological basis of crime. In J.Q Wilson & J. Petrsilia (Eds.)Crime:Public policies for crime control. Oakland: ICS Press. Rutter, M. (2006). Genes and Behavior: Nature-Nurture Interplay Explained.Boston: Blackwell. Schur E. (1965) Crime without victims. Englewood: Cliffs. Skinner, B. F. (1966). The phylogeny and ontogeny of behavior. Science, 153, 1204– 1213.

FA Style Analysis Essay Bayer

That night at the hotel, in our room with the long empty hall outside and our shoes outside the door, a thick carpet on the floor of the room, outside the windows the rain falling and in the room light and pleasant and cheerful, then the light out and it exciting with smooth sheets and the bed comfortable, feeling that we had come home, feeling no longer alone, waking in the night to find the other one there, and not gone away; all other things were unreal.We slept when we were tired and if we woke the other one woke too so one was not alone. Often a man wishes to be alone and a girl wishes to be alone alone against the others. It has only happened to me like that once. I have been alone while I was with many girls and that is the way that you can too and if they love each other they are jealous of that in each other, but I can truly say we never felt that. We could feel alone when we were together, be most lonely.But we were never lonely and never afraid when we were together. I kno w that the night is not the same as the day: that all things are different, that the things of the night cannot be explained in the day, because hey do not then exist, and the night can be a dreadful time for lonely people once their loneliness has started. But with Catherine there was almost no difference in the night except that it was an even better time.If people bring so much courage to the world the world has to kill them to break them, so Of course it kills them. The world breaks every one and afterward many are strong at the broken places. But those that will not break it kills. It kills the very good and the very gentle and the very brave impartially. If you are none of these you can be sure it will kill you too but there will be no special hurry.

ap liy Essay

ap liy Essay ap liy Essay The title of Kate Chopin’s novel is significant because it refers to many ways in which Edna begins to awaken herself and the world around her. The Awakening shows a title that can only be completely understood after the incorporation of the themes in the content. The title, The Awakening, shows a vague picture in the mind. At first the reader does not fully portray what content the novel will possess. After reading of the novel, one can really understand that the title represents the main character, Edna Pontellier's, sexual awakening and resurrection that takes place in the plot as opposed to not having a clue on what the plot will be about. Edna Pontellier first shows a form of awakening when she encounters another character that plays a musical instrument. As the musician plays, the crowd for the most part disregards it as just another performance. However there is the exception of Mrs. Pontellier who breaks out into tears due to the vivid imagery that the music brings into her mind. The musician responds to Mrs. Pontellier by telling her that she is the only one who truly speaks her language. This form of awakening brings one of the themes out in the book showing that as a person learns to begin to express themselves, they find that there is a lesser concentration of people who can understand. This becomes of greater as Edna begins to express herself through the use of her artwork. The sexual aspect of Edna's awakening is formed through her relationship with a supporting character, Robert LeBrun. In the beginning of the novel, Robert assigns himself to become the helper of Mrs. Pontellier and his advances help to break down the wall in which Edna is placed in because of her role as a woman of the

Studying for an exam - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Studying for an exam - Smart Custom Writing Literary Analysis of the Unbearable Lightness of BeingThe Unbearable Lightness of Being is a book written by Milan Kundera and published in 1984.   It is a compelling love story, a must-read that is both touching and sad. This is a novel whose context is set in the late sixties up to the eighties in the communist run Czechoslovakia. It basically explores the themes of love and politics through an in-depth use of various literary devices such as symbolism, imagery and allegory. This has been widely discussed in here-in under the crucial theme of fate in relation to love. In evaluating the literary device of symbolism, imagery and allegory, the concept of lightness, weight and eternal return is well brought out by the German phrase ‘es muss sein’ which implies ‘it must be.’ Kundera explains the origin of the phrase as a motif from the Beethoven's songs. It came up when Tomas was debating after Tereza left him in Zurich as to whether to return to Prague. He phrases the term to his boss since he feels it is beyond his control, induced by fate and he has no choice but to follow Tereza. Fate, as a concept in light and weight, alludes or simplifies Nietzsche's ideas in ‘What's Up with the Title?’ in which Nietzsche alleged that people can attain eternal return and the burden of weight associated with it. Therefore, ‘es muss sein’ is highly relevant in this context since Kundera views Beethoven as a weighty person alluded by the ‘frown’ and ‘improbably mane.’ Further, he is one of the great loves of Tereza who is associated with heaviness and weight. Tomas learns about his music only through Tereza. Tomas feels that Tereza is part of fate and his ‘es muss sein’ and chooses to return to Prague to prove this. He analyses his relationship with Tereza on his way back and identifies six fortuitous events that precipitated their relationship, hence the reference to Tereza as ‘the woman born of six fortuities’ in the novel. This greatly worries him since they could be together by chance, referring to this as 'es konnte auch anders sein' rather by fate. This, is later challenged in Tomas’ thinking as illustrated by his musings on that if fate repeatedly points at a certain event, then the event must be sufficiently ‘significant and noteworthy.’ This is an implication that what happens by chance is a result of the need for necessity which is what is repeated further implying it belongs to the sphere of eternal return. Thi s further contrasts the lightness versus weight dichotomy since he further wonders that the events that occur by chance only once also have an implication. This struggle with the concept of fortuity is further illustrated in chapter five whereby Tomas deliberates on his profession as the narrator phrases: "He had come to medicine not by coincidence or calculation but by a deep inner desire." Kundera also illustrates ‘es muss sein,’ or fate by Tomas’ womanizing habits which he feels is an imperative enslaving him. After a night of erotic dreams and stomach pains, Tomas finally declares that Tereza is the ‘es muss sein’ of his love, though he still cannot control his womanizing habits. He finally comes to the conclusion that love lives beyond ‘es muss sein.’ Therefore, the dichotomy of weight versus lightness is well illustrated since on one hand, Tereza wants Tomas to give up his philandering lifestyle and commit to her but on the other h and, Tomas feels Tereza is in the realm of lightness since she is born of fate rather than compulsion. The literary device of symbolism, imagery and allegory can be furthered by the bowler hat. Kundera mentions that the bowler hat signifies several aspects in philosophy. First, Kundera explains that it signified violence against any woman’s dignity such as Sabina. From Kundera’s point of narration, the lingerie is depicted as enhancing the ‘charm of her femininity’ while the bowler hat, seen as hard and masculine, ‘violated and ridiculed it.’ Further, he depicts this humiliation as seen through Tomas who stood just stood beside her, fully dressed. Sexual humiliation in Kundera’s Unbearable Lightness is illustrated by both Sabina and Tereza. They harbor secret desires to be degraded by the men they have had sex with, For instance, Tereza wants the engineer to watch her go to the bathroom after sex, a desire also expressed by Sabina. With the iteration of certain words, the bowler hat can be therefore seen as a symbol of sexual degradation which contrary to the reader’s thoughts is voluntary and longed for by the women characters in the book. Secondly, Kundera explains that the bowler hat was memento which reminded her of her father. After the death of her father, she adamantly refuses to ‘out of sovereign contempt to fight for her rights’ or to have anything else except the bowler hat. Sabina’s relationship with the father is strained and complex. She feels that the kitsch or ideas instilled by her father during her childhood should be betrayed. She refused to fight for her inheritance; hence the bowler hat in this case alludes to her betrayal and desertion of her father. In conclusion, it is crucial to note that Milan Kundera's The Unbearable Lightness of Being is highly successful due to the fact that he is able to create an exchange between his ‘skeptical critical intelligence and his belief in the autonomy of his fictional characters’ (Andrews). The writer adopts a point of narration whereby he avoids all interior monologue and instead draws attention persistently to its fictiveness and the ability to display the characters imaginatively without resulting in soliloquy.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Andrews, Diane. "Critical Essay on The Unbearable Lightness of Being." Novels for Students. Detroit: Literature Resource Center, 2003. Barnard, John. "The Unbearable Lightness of Being: Repetition, Formal Structure, and Critique." Contemporary Literary Criticism Select. Detroit: Literature Resource Center, 25 January 2003. Kundera, Milan. The unbearable lightness of being. HarperPerennial, 1984.

Group decision making Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Group decision making - Research Paper Example Thus, group decisions carry greater risks. Considering its importance, the decision making process has to be carried out aptly, without any room for failures, dissension, instability, etc. Decision making process is one of the key processes in an organization, which can lead to profits as well as failures or losses to the organization, based on how well the processes is carried out and how optimum the taken eventual decision is. Thus, this paper focusing on group decision making process will identify and discuss one successful and also one unsuccessful experience with group decision making, concluding with the factors’ that could impact the group’s overall growth and effectiveness. Successful decision making process Even with the computerization and automation happening in every segment of organization, the management team along with the workers will only play a major role in the decision making process. That is, the crucial decision-making process will be initiated, ma naged and allowed to reach its logical conclusion only by the employees working in the organization. Then, when employees as part of a group carries out this decision making proces